Gravity is not only a force that draws everything together. Through our understanding of general relativity, we know that gravity can produce ripples in the structure of space-time-gravitational waves.
So how do gravitational waves work?
Soon after Einstein proposed general relativity, he realized that gravity can produce waves. But soon, he doubted his conclusion again. He realized the existence of gravitational waves through the simplified form of the general theory of relativity, but Einstein did not know whether gravitational waves actually existed or were they just a product of the simplification process.
It is well known that the equations of general relativity are difficult to solve, so it is no wonder that even Einstein himself was vague about it. It took several decades for physicists to finally come to the definitive conclusion that general relativity does support the existence of gravitational waves. In other words, gravitational waves are real.
Almost all the movements of the universe will produce gravitational waves. Like any other wave, a gravitational wave can be generated by a slight swing. If you stir the water, you will see water waves. If your throat vibrates, you will make sound waves. If you shake an electron, you will create electromagnetic waves. To generate gravitational waves, all you have to do is to accelerate the object.
Gravitational waves propagate outward from the wave source at the speed of light, which are ripples under the action of gravity. When the gravitational wave passes through you, you will be stretched and squeezed, as if there is a huge hand kneading you like plasticine.
Will you feel gravitational waves?
Although everything in the universe has been producing gravitational waves, you never really noticed them. So far, gravity is the weakest of the four basic forces in nature. Even if we magnify gravity by 10^27 times, gravity is still several orders of magnitude weaker than the other three basic forces—weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and strong nuclear force. Gravitational waves are weaker; gravitational waves are tiny disturbances above normal gravity.
This also means that the gravitational waves generated by your wave of your hand are almost completely non-existent. To create a large number of gravitational waves in space and time, you need very large mass and energy motions, such as black hole collisions, neutron star impacts, supernova explosions, supermassive black holes that swallow entire stars, and even the chaotic forces released at the beginning of the Big Bang.
If you are within half a mile of two merging black holes, the gravitational waves released by the merging of the black holes will be strong enough to tear you apart. However, if you are hundreds of miles away, your hair will not even move.
And our planet is in a very advantageous position, millions or billions of light-years away from these catastrophic events. The amplitude of the gravitational wave propagating to the earth will not be greater than the width of a proton.
Of course gravitational waves are also very mysterious
Because gravitational waves are extremely weak, it took nearly a quarter of a century of technological development for humans to finally detect gravitational waves. In 2015, the Laser Interference Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) confirmed the first detection of gravitational waves. The gravitational wave comes from the merger of two black holes 1.4 billion light-years away.
Weak gravitational waves also have an advantage: because gravitational waves are very weak, they hardly interact with any matter, so gravitational waves can travel freely throughout the universe without being scattered or absorbed. This also means that we can see things that are not normally seen.
If two black holes collide in the middle of space, how can we observe this event? If the two black holes did not release any form of electromagnetic radiation during the collision, our telescope would not be able to observe the entire process. However, these collisions release a large amount of energy in the form of gravitational waves, usually more than the sum of the energy produced by all stars in the universe.
Since LIGO first detected gravitational waves in 2015, LIGO and Virgo, another large interferometer in Italy also used to detect gravitational waves, have confirmed more than 48 black hole collision events. We have moved from the occasional detection of gravitational waves to a mature branch of astronomy. These microsecond vibrations will help the next generation of astronomers gain insight into the inner workings of the universe and newly discovered mysteries.
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